Why do we need an asset purchase programme?
In normal economic times the ECB steers broader financial conditions and, ultimately, macroeconomic developments and inflation by setting the short-term key interest rates. But, as a result of the global financial crisis, key interest rates have come close to their effective lower bound – the point at which lowering them further would have little to no effect. Therefore, the ECB turned to other measures to address the risks of a period of low inflation lasting for too long, and to bring inflation back to the target of 2% over the medium term, which is the Governing Council’s definition of price stability. The asset purchase programme is one of the tools the ECB is using to achieve this. Net purchases under this programme ended in December 2018, but the programme is ongoing as principal payments from maturing securities purchased under it are being reinvested in full.
How does the asset purchase programme work?
Under the expanded asset purchase programme (APP), the ECB has been buying a range of assets including government bonds, securities issued by European supranational institutions, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities and covered bonds at a pace ranging from €15 billion to €80 billion per month. Such asset purchases influence broader financial conditions and, eventually, economic growth and inflation, through three main channels:
Direct pass-through
When the ECB buys private sector assets, such as asset-backed securities and covered bonds, which are linked to loans that banks grant to households and firms in the real economy, the increased demand for these assets drives up their prices. This encourages banks to make more loans, which they can then use to create and sell more asset-backed securities or covered bonds. The increased supply of loans tends to lower bank lending rates for companies and households, improving broader financing conditions.
Portfolio rebalancing
The ECB has purchased private and public sector assets from investors such as pension funds, banks and households. These investors may choose to take the funds they receive in exchange for assets sold to the ECB and invest them in other assets. By increasing demand for assets more broadly, this mechanism of portfolio rebalancing pushes prices up and yields down, even for assets that are not directly targeted by the APP. This results in reduced costs (the effective market interest rate) for companies seeking to obtain financing on the capital markets. At the same time, the compression of yields on securities encourages banks to lend to companies or households. The increased supply of bank lending to the real economy tends to lower the costs of borrowing for households and firms. If, on the other hand, investors use the extra funds to buy higher-yielding assets outside the euro area, this may also lead to a lower euro exchange rate, which tends to put upward pressure on inflation.
Both the direct pass-through and the portfolio rebalancing channel improve broader financial conditions for companies and households in the euro area. By lowering funding costs, asset purchases can stimulate investment and consumption. More dynamic demand from both firms and consumers will eventually contribute to returning inflation to 2% over the medium term.
Signalling effect
Finally, asset purchases signal to the market that the central bank will keep key interest rates low for an extended period of time. This signalling effect reduces volatility and uncertainty in the market regarding future interest rate developments. This is important because it guides various investment decisions. Interest rates charged on long-term loans, for example, will remain lower as banks anticipate a protracted period of low interest rates.
The ECB’s asset purchase programme underscores its commitment to fulfilling its mandate by using these channels to actively address the risks of a period of low inflation that lasts for too long. This serves to reassure investors that the inflation rate will be 2% over the medium term – a precondition for sustained growth in an environment of price stability.inally, asset purchases signal to the market that the central bank will keep key interest rates low for an extended period of time. This signalling effect reduces volatility and uncertainty in the market regarding future interest rate developments. This is important because it guides various investment decisions. Interest rates charged on long-term loans, for example, will remain lower as banks anticipate a protracted period of low interest rates. The ECB’s asset purchase programme underscores its commitment to fulfilling its mandate by using these channels to actively address the risks of a period of low inflation that lasts for too long. This serves to reassure investors that inflation will be around levels that are below, but close to, 2% over the medium term – a precondition for sustained growth in an environment of price stability.
Source: European Central Bank
Published: 22 January 2016
Update: 25 August 2021
The above presentation was created for educational purposes.